Dermatology Online Journal

Sudden onset of verrucous plaques to the face and trunk: A case of reactivation cutaneous histoplasmosis in the setting of HIV
Adam Friedman, MD^1,2, Garron Solomon MD³, Sorana Segal-Maurer MD^4,5, Fred Pereira MD^1,6
Dermatology Online Journal 14 (1): 12

1.Department of Medicine, New York Hospital Queens, Queens, NY. ajf0424@yahoo.com
2. Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
3. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Medical College University , NY, NY
4. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York Hospital Queens, Queens, NY
5. Department of Medicine, Weil Medical College of Cornell University, NY, NY
6. Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, NY
7. Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY

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Abstract

A 66-year-old Columbian man presented with a 15-day history of generalized weakness, cough, fever, and verrucous, ulcerating plaques of the face, upper chest, upper back, and arms. The patient proved to be HIV positive. Histopathologic examination showed a diffuse lymphocytic infiltrate coupled with a striking number of yeast forms within macrophages. The clinical presentation and histopathologic alterations are consistent with the diagnosis disseminated Histoplasma capsulatum. This case emphasizes the importance of increasing awareness of histoplasmosis in nonendemic areas as a result of the large subgroup of immunocompromised patients at risk. Disseminated histoplasmosis can be a treatable HIV complication if recognized early, although is unfortunately a harbinger for an overall poor prognosis.

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Clinical synopsis

A 66-year-old Columbian man presented with a 15-day history of generalized weakness, cough, weight loss, low grade fever, and skin lesions of the face, upper chest and back, and arms. The lesions consisted of verrucous plaques (several ulcerated) varying in size from one to three centimeters (Figs. 1 and 2). Medical history was remarkable for treated hypothyroidism. On examination, the patient appeared chronically ill although both afebrile and in no acute distress. White, easily-dislodged pseudomembranes were present on the buccal mucosa, palate, and posterior pharynx. Auscultation of the lungs revealed diminished bibasilar breath sounds associated with expiratory wheezing. Chest radiograph showed interstitial opacification of the superior segment of the left lower lobe (Fig. 3). The patient was anemic, but there was no leukocytosis. A biopsy was taken of the forehead plaque for culture and histopathological examination (Fig. 4).

Figure 1	Figure 2

Figure 3	Figure 4

The biopsy specimen showed a diffuse lymphocytic infiltrate coupled with a striking number of yeast forms within macrophages consistent with Histoplasma capsulatum (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification X400). A quantitative urinary assay for histoplasma capsular polysaccharide antigen was strongly positive, and culture of tissue grew a white, cottony colony on Sabouraud medium at 25 degrees centigrade. Direct microscopic examination of the white patches of the oral mucosa showed budding yeasts and pseudohyphae consistent with candidiasis. The patient proved to be HIV positive, with a CD4 count of 30 cells/mm.

Comment

Histoplasma capsulatum is a thermally-sensitive, dimorphic fungus that exists in an infectious mycelial form in damp, acidic environments, but proliferates as a pathogenic yeast at mammalian body temperature. The organism is distributed worldwide but is endemic to the central United States, Latin American and the Caribbean.

Infected individuals with normal immune function are either asymptomatic or suffer from a self-limited, flu-like illness associated with fever, cough, arthralgias, and erythema nodosum. In immunocompromised patients, however, the disease can disseminate widely causing meningitis, adrenal insufficiency, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions, lung infiltrates, and pancytopenia secondary to bone marrow involvement [1]. Symptomatic infection with H. capsulatum is an AIDS-defining illness occurring in approximately 2-5 percent of patients with AIDS [2, 3]. Histoplasmosis in the setting of AIDS generally represents reactivation of prior infection and is considered a sign of profound immunosuppression with low CD4 counts. Skin lesions occur in about 50 percent of AIDS patients with disseminated histoplasmosis. These patients are typically males who have resided in endemic areas [4]. The skin lesions of disseminated histoplasmosis are nonspecific and consist of papules, nodules, plaques, ulcers, and erythema multiforme-like macules [3]. Although disseminated histoplasmosis skin lesions resemble those of other disseminated fungal infections, they have a distinct tendency to localize to the face, upper chest and arms [1, 4, 5]. Mucosal lesions, particularly ulcers, are seen in approximately 40 percent of patients with disseminated histoplasmosis [4].

Detection of H. capsulatum polysaccharide antigen in the urine is a rapid, highly accurate diagnostic test in AIDS patients. Urinary antigen levels can also be used to assess treatment response and to detect relapse [6]. Skin biopsy for histologic evaluation and culture is another simple, rapid diagnostic procedure. Initial treatment of patients with severe disease consists of amphotericin B. Long-term itraconazole is recommended following resolution. Antiretroviral therapy is usually deferred until there is a reduction in fungal burden to avoid precipitating immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). IRIS is characterized by a paradoxical worsening of infection because of reversal of immunosuppression in the setting of depressed CD4 cell counts and disseminated opportunistic infection [7, 8]. However, AIDS patients with disseminated histoplasmosis who ultimately receive antiretroviral treatment have better outcomes than those who never receive such treatment [4].

References

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